Canto comprometido y memoria colectiva en Chile: Las velatones en homenaje a Guerrero, Nattino y Parada
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En este artículo examino el papel que han jugado el canto y la música en la preservación de la memoria de uno de los más infames crímenes de lesa humanidad cometido por la dictadura cívico-militar en Chile: El secuestro y salvaje asesinato en 1985 de tres militantes del Partido Comunista de Chile, conocido como “El Caso Degollados.” Me enfoco en una performance cultural en particular, las velatones anuales realizadas en su honor en una comuna de la región capitalina. El trabajo se divide en cinco apartados. Primero, reviso algunos de los aspectos significativos de la vida y muerte de las tres víctimas. En el segundo apartado, abordo varios conceptos teóricos que han guiado mi análisis e interpretación del significado de las velatones. Estos incluyen memoria colectiva, performance cultural, generación social y política, trauma cultural y el canto como un significativo recurso cultural a disposición de los movimientos sociales de izquierda. En la tercera parte, me dedico a una descripción etnográfica de la evolución de las velatones como una performance cultural a través del tiempo y cómo tal performance ha variado año a año, dependiendo de quiénes la hayan organizado y del contexto sociopolítico del momento. En la cuarta, pongo el énfasis sobre el rol jugado por el canto en las velatones y por qué sus organizadores lo emplean de manera tan prominente para lograr sus objetivos. Y, finalmente, en las conclusiones, reflexiono sobre el futuro de las velatones y otras performances de memoria, en un momento histórico próximo al cincuenta aniversario del golpe de estado de 1973, que puso fin al experimento chileno de la vía democrática al socialismo.
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