Una nación para pocos: consideraciones sobre el carácter excluyente de la democracia brasileña
Keywords:
Brasil, Democracia, Dictadura, AutoritarismoAbstract
Este artículo propone un análisis del contexto actual de inflexión de la izquierda en América Latina, con especial atención a las dinámicas institucionales recientes en el Brasil. A partir de una comprensión más amplia sobre la sostenibilidad, eje que sostiene el presente número de la Revista, el texto relaciona el pasado colonial brasileño, marcado por rasgos extractivistas y violentos, con el momento actual en que las rupturas democráticas insisten en hacerse presentes, en múltiples formas. La propuesta es mostrar que el movimiento general de formación social e histórica de América Latina presenta, en la particularidad brasileña, un resultado problemático y desafiante: el carácter excluyente de su democracia. Aunque se puede decir que este es un rasgo general del continente, lo que se busca aquí es mostrar, a partir del modo propio del capitalismo que se formó en Brasil, continuamos atados a una sociabilidad antidemocrática, autoritaria y, por consiguiente, antipopular. ¿Cómo entender la "ruptura" democrática en un país bajo la perspectiva de lo que Walter Benjamin llamó el “Estado de excepción permanente”? ¿Estaríamos a las puertas de un nuevo régimen militar? Para tratar esta problemática, el artículo busca, en la primera parte, contextualizar la formación brasileña a la luz de la teoría del Estado moderno. Posteriormente, analiza brevemente las propuestas de Oliveira Vianna, Caio Prado Jr. y Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. Este conjunto de autores, a pesar de sus divergencias, promueven un gran debate sobre la transición de la Colonia a la Primera República, pasando por el Imperio. La tercera parte toma como referencia los estudios de Florestan Fernandes, en especial la democracia excluyente como categoría de análisis sobre la Revolución Burguesa en Brasil. El artículo cierra articulando algunas hipótesis interpretativas sobre el contexto reciente del país.
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