La anemia nacional. Gubernamentalidad y superabundancia de vida en el Ateneo de Lima y Manuel González Prada
Keywords:
Guerra del Pacifico, Reconstruccion Nacional, Ateneo de Lima, Gubernamentalidad, Manuel Gonzalez Prada, Exceso de vidaAbstract
Este ensayo examina el pensamiento intelectual peruano de la Reconstrucción Nacional, el cual tuvo lugar en las dos últimas décadas del siglo XIX después de concluida la guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883). En este contexto de crisis nacional resultado de la derrota ante Chile, la pregunta de cómo pensar y qué hacer con la vida del país cobró importancia en distintos círculos intelectuales. Por un lado, la labor del Ateneo de Lima (1885-1888), organismo que veía en la armonía de los saberes una forma de servicio patriótico, buscaba producir conocimientos empíricos sobre las condiciones de vida (sobre todo de la población indígena) que habían conducido a la derrota. De esta manera, el Ateneo, el “cerebro” del país, proponía un plan de gubernamentalidad y administración de la población (Foucault) que lo legitimaba dentro del estado modernizante. Durante estos mismos años empieza a consolidarse el pensamiento radical Manuel González Prada (1844-1918) en torno a la “superabundancia de vida” que el país debía canalizar en su proceso de reconstrucción. Partiendo de un lenguaje cientificista que sin embargo trascendía todo positivismo determinista, la vida en González Prada deviene una máquina de guerra (Deleuze y Guattari), un desencadenamiento de fuerzas escondidas que devuelven movimiento y velocidad al cuerpo adormecido y agarrotado del Perú. Estas distintas aproximaciones al problema de la vida, sugiero, revelan distintas concepciones de lo que debía ser el rol del intelectual en el proceso de reconstrucción nacional.
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