Construir la diferencia en condiciones de igualdad. Tres películas cubanas
Keywords:
Cuba, socialismo, cine, diferencia, igualdadAbstract
¿Es posible la reivindicación de la alteridad en una estructura social igualitaria como es la sociedad socialista de Cuba? ¿Se puede ser diferente en una sociedad entre iguales? Pero, además, si la diferencia existe, ésta genera conflicto y el conflicto siempre va acompañado de una pregunta más: ¿cómo resolverlo?, ¿eliminando la diferencia o asumir la alteridad como un carácter propio de la pluralidad y la diversidad de una sociedad compleja? Con estos interrogantes se abre la reflexión que se ensaya en estas páginas alrededor de tres películas cubanas, producidas y estrenadas en décadas distintas. Se observará que en las tres películas sus protagonistas presentan conflictos de alteridad muy distintos entre sí: en la película dirigida por Orlando Rojas en 1985, Una novia para David, el elemento distintivo es físico, tiene que ver con el desajuste que sufre su protagonista Ofelia con el canon de belleza imperante; Fresa y chocolate, película de Tomás Gutiérrez Alea y Juan Carlos Tabío, de 1993, plantea el tema de la homosexualidad, un rasgo que fue motivo de discriminación durante un periodo de tiempo en la sociedad cubana (aunque no sólo en la cubana); por último, observaremos cómo en la opera prima de Ian Padrón, Habanastation, de 2011, la diferencia entre los dos niños protagonistas es estrictamente económica, una cuestión fundamental para la construcción del socialismo. El análisis habrá de servir para identificar las tres fases que recorre Cuba en la construcción del Estado de Derecho en el socialismo, cuando se empieza a reconocer al diferente no ya como el otro desplazado, como sujeto marginado, sino como un elemento que se hace imprescindible integrar, incorporar su alteridad, en el orden social, convirtiendo al otro en un sujeto libre sin la necesidad de que renuncie a su idiosincrasia. Trataremos de mostrar, a partir de la producción cinematográfica reciente, el modo en que se construye la diferencia en condiciones de igualdad en la Cuba socialista.
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