Escritura y trauma en el testimonio concentracionario español y argentino
Keywords:
testimonio, campo de concentración, memoria, trauma, escrituraAbstract
Los gobiernos dictatoriales implantados a través de golpes de Estado marcaron quiebres decisivos en el tejido social de España y Argentina en diferentes momentos del siglo veinte. Aunque se trata de procesos histórico-políticos distintos, los dos ocurrieron en un siglo que normalizó la represión y la exclusión. El campo de concentración tuvo lugar en ambos contextos y esta experiencia ha sido relatada por los supervivientes.
El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar algunas características de la escritura testimonial concentracionaria española y argentina en las que se hace evidente la relación entre escritura y trauma, es decir, algunos aspectos relevantes de la representación de la vivencia traumática que se visualizan en los textos testimoniales y se convierten en temas centrales de los mismos.
Nos referiremos, por un lado, a la narrativa testimonial producida por los españoles y españolas republicanos y republicanas sobre el paso por los campos de concentración franceses en los que fueron confinados una vez traspuesta la frontera francesa al finalizar la Guerra Civil Española en 1939. Dichos campos fueron, en primera instancia, localizados en las costas del sur de Francia –Argelés-Sur-Mer, Saint-Cyprien, Barcarés–, aunque más tarde se esparcieron por gran parte de la geografía francesa. Y, por otro lado, consideraremos los testimonios producidos por supervivientes de la última dictadura cívico-militar en Argentina, quienes fueron secuestrados por las fuerzas militares o policiales y recluidos en centros de detención clandestinos que se abrieron en distintos puntos del país. Si bien la mayoría se ubicaron en Capital Federal, como la Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada, el Olimpo o el Club Atlético, otros se abrieron en provincia de Buenos Aires, entre ellos La Escuelita, en Bahía Blanca, y otros en las provincias, como La Perla, situado en Córdoba.
La escritura adquiere un valor fundamental en el proceso de recuperación de la identidad y de la subjetividad amenazada por la experiencia límite del campo de concentración.
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