Del campo a la selva, de la biografía al anonimato. El Museu Nacional de Etnologia (Lisboa) y su relación con la historia.
Keywords:
post-colonialism, museums, Portugal, anthropology, narrativeAbstract
El artículo tiene por objeto analizar cuál es discurso narrativo dominante que da sentido al Museu Nacional de Etnologia (MNE). Fundado en Lisboa, en 1965 y durante el régimen imperial y fascista del Estado Novo (un régimen tri-continental y encabezado, de 1932 a 1968, por el también economista, António de Oliveira Salazar), el MNE continúa siendo la única institución pública—y no sólo científica—vinculada a los ‘Descobrimentos’. Sus objetivos abarcan, y desde hace más de 50 años, la exposición del legado imperial portugués y, por consiguiente, su relación no sólo con las antiguas colonias, sino que también con fenómenos como la inmigración, la subjetividad, el desacuerdo y, de un modo en absoluto exhaustivo, la producción de conocimiento.
Con la llegada de la democracia en 1974 y el inicio del proceso de descolonización, la sociedad en su conjunto buscó—y se vio también, de alguna manera, obligada—a repensar su relación con los ‘otros’. Nociones claves como el conflicto, la tolerancia (por no decir el cuerpo, el lenguaje y hasta la temporalidad) debieron—y no sin cierto cinismo—atravesar un nuevo tamiz narrativo. Exactamente lo mismo sucedió con el espacio (Portugal quedó, y en menos de un lustro, reducido a una pequeña franja oriental de la península ibérica) y, de un modo por demás ambivalente, con todo un conjunto de relatos vinculados a la identidad nacional portuguesa.
La primera parte del texto rastrea los orígenes del MNE, su relación con la empresa colonial europea y el rol desempeñado por su fundador, el antropólogo—y lingüista—Jorge Dias. El segundo y último segmento aborda el núcleo central del relato: qué dice y hace la actual exposición permanente del MNE. La muestra, inaugurada en enero de 2013 (sumándose así a las ya existentes “Galerias da Vida Rural” y “Galerias da Amazónia”), responde, y a nivel socio-político, a la necesidad de repensar el legado imperial lusitano desde un enfoque mucho más cercano al post-colonialismo. Qué tan polifónico, democrático y reflexivo es este discurso constituye, en definitiva, la pregunta principal y que da sentido a nuestra relación con la historia.
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