El trauma cultural argentino: Representación de cuerpos ausentes Imágenes y traducciones italianas de la desaparición
Keywords:
trauma cultural, memoria, Guerra Sucia, Argentina, traducciones italianasAbstract
La lógica totalitaria y de invasivo aniquilamiento es el común denominador de las mayores masacres del siglo XX, definido el Siglo de los genocidios. En la actualidad las memorias de las catástrofes no naturales del siglo pasado son traumáticas precisamente porque nacen de acontecimientos capaces de modificar la vida de una sociedad y de los individuos que la componen.Vayamos por orden. El trauma puede ser definido como:Acontecimiento de la vida del sujeto caracterizado por su intensidad, la incapacidad del sujeto de responder a él adecuadamente y el trastorno y los efectos patógenos duraderos que provoca en la organización psíquica (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1996: 447).
¿Pero un trauma es sólo individual? Argumentar sobre el trauma significa saber distinguir entre dos diferentes enfoques: objetivo y subjetivo. El primero tiene que ver con el acontecimiento considerado objetivamente traumático (pensemos en las torturas o en las violencias sexuales); el segundo es una proyección que desplaza su atención desde el acontecimiento hasta el sujeto del acontecimiento mismo. Dos personas que han vivido el mismo acontecimiento (ej. la muerte de un allegado) no experimentarán nunca las mismas sensaciones, temores e inquietudes ni afrontarán de igual modo los procesos de elaboración del trauma en cuestión. ¿Pero qué sucede cuando el mismo grupo de acontecimientos perjudica a muchas personas (más de 30.000 víctimas directas en el caso argentino)? Nos encontramos frente a un acontecimiento colectivo che se ha producido a partir de una historia común. Dicha historia común, en el caso argentino, se resume en la imagen del cuerpo ausente del desaparecido. La última dictadura argentina tenia claros objetivos: la mutilación de la sociedad de una entera generación que habría podido convertirse en un potencial enemigo político; la eliminación de ideas, esperanzas y de proyectos sociales; en definitiva: la eliminación del futuro de un grupo, come la define Marta Silva Ronga en la entrevista concedida en diciembre 2013, remitiendo al perverso sistema de apropiación de niños. Argentina también tuvo su solución final: para ocultar los cadáveres, los militares concibieron un escalofriante método: los vuelos de la muerte, aviones en los que se amontonaba a los detenidos a los cuales, después de haber sido narcotizados, se les tiraba al mar. Todos sospechaban, o mejor dicho, sabían cual era la realidad subyacente a la aparente inocencia de la cotidianidad sin embargo la manipulación de la información fue tal que impidió la manifestación de una verdad histórica a varios niveles. No obstante, aquella sospecha era suficiente para paralizar la sociedad.
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