Pedagogía, agenda y fatum en <em>Los Olvidados</em> (1950) de Luis Buñuel: ambivalencias entre la diáspora republicana en México y la ‘Época de Oro’ como cine nacional
Keywords:
Bunuel, Latin American Cultural Studies, Films, cineAbstract
Resumen:
Mi estudio sugiere que, a partir de las premisas de un pan-americanismo (por su experiencia previa en los Estados Unidos) y de un pan-hispanismo (por los exiliados españoles en México) Luis Buñuel cuestiona implícitamente los resultados de la Revolución Mexicana y rechaza la ‘romantización’ del mestizaje promovido por el Estado, condicionando así el argumento de Los olvidados (77 min.) en dos direcciones: Primero, porque inscribe la realidad mexicana desde una narratividad—avalada por un hipotético ‘realismo’ y el principio de universalidad—que supone la reafirmación de la agenda histórica de la ciudad letrada (y acaso una ideología del exilio español en México) y, consiguientemente, la(re)configuración de una nueva historia de México legitimada desde la historia universal con una notoria ausencia al cuestionamiento de la realidad histórica latinoamericana. Segundo, porque la declaración explícita sobre la falta de optimismo (implícitamente, referida a la Revolución) le permite una omisión del problema de la colonialidad para así articular un nuevo significado del sujeto subalterno (el sujeto mestizo) inscrito en la “ciudad perdida” ( ‘lo urbano’ es presentado como condición de la modernidad), cuyo costo teórico implica la reducción del conflicto en términos éticos e inclusive psicológicos (sin mencionar el argumento biológico de algunas escenas), borrando la condición colonial de base y contenido económico-social. Para Buñuel, por lo tanto, la construcción cinematográfica de un nuevo sujeto subalterno implica, sobre todo, la presencia de un Estado—la policía, la Corte de Menores, la escuela—como guardián de la cultura de una sociedad que no incluye al sujeto indígena (“Ojitos”), ni al sujeto mestizo (“el Jaibo”). Bajo estas condiciones, con Los Olvidados Buñuel construye al agente antagonista (el pueblo asesino) en el mismo Estado mestizo (como nuevo sujeto subalterno) quien incapacitado de un final feliz, acepta el determinismo y la fatalidad que lo circunscriben hacia la tragedia.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
1. Author hereby grants, transfers, and assigns to A Contracorriente:
(a) the exclusive first serial rights in the Work for publication and distribution throughout the world, as A Contracorriente sees fit, in all languages and formats, by print or any electronic means, including, without limitation, the internet, other public and/or private proprietary intranets and computer networks and on CD-ROMs, DVDs and other discs, before the Work shall appear in any other publication (whether print or electronic), in any manner, format or language, or in any other medium now known or hereafter devised. The first serial rights granted to A Contracorriente by this Paragraph 1(a) shall be exclusive to A Contracorriente until one year following the date of the first serial publication of the Work by A Contracorriente; in addition, this grant of rights shall include the non-exclusive right in perpetuity to include the Work in any collection, or compilation produced or authorized by A Contracorriente, and containing at least 75% material that has appeared in A Contracorriente, for distribution throughout the world, in all languages and formats, by print or any electronic means, including, without limitation, the internet and other public and proprietary intranets and computer networks and on CDROMs, DVDs and other discs;
(b) further, the non-exclusive right to authorize, reproduce and distribute reprints of the Work throughout the world, in all languages and formats, by print or any electronic means, after the Work appears in a publication produced or authorized by A Contracorriente; the right to permit subscribers and other users of the services and publications in which the Work may appear electronically to download, reproduce, and otherwise utilize the Work for their personal, non-commercial use throughout the universe; and the non-exclusive perpetual right, throughout the world, to use the Work, in whole or in part, and Author’s name, likeness, or biography in promoting, advertising, and/or publicizing any publication in which the Work is authorized to appear consistent with this Agreement.
2. A Contracorriente reserves the right to publish the Work with illustrations and other graphic materials. Nothing contained herein shall obligate A Contracorriente to exploit any of the rights granted to A Contracorriente hereunder. All rights not granted to A Contracorriente are reserved to Author for Author’s own use and/or transfer, assignment, or disposition.
3. Author represents and warrants: the Work is original to Author, has not been copied in whole or in part, and does not infringe upon the copyright or any other rights of any person or entity; Author has the right to grant the rights granted to A Contracorriente under this Agreement free of any and all claims and encumbrances; Author has not granted or transferred any rights in or to the Work to any third party; and Author has not done and will not do anything that has impaired, might impair or will impair in any way any of the rights granted to A Contracorriente hereunder.
4. Author shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the NC State and its employees, agents, affiliates, successors, licensees, and assigns from and against all claims, damages, liabilities, losses, costs, and expenses, including, without limitation, attorney’s fees and costs, arising out of any breach or alleged breach of any of Author’s representations, warranties, or agreements. Any remedies that Author may have against A Contracorriente for breach of this Agreement shall be limited to the right to recover damages, if any, in an action at law. Author hereby waives any right or remedy in equity, including any right to terminate this Agreement, to rescind A Contracorriente’s rights in the Work, or to enjoin, restrain, or otherwise impair in any manner the production or distribution of any publication that is authorized or produced by A Contracorriente.
5. A Contracorriente shall have the right to assign this Agreement, either in whole or in part, to any entity affiliated with A Contracorriente or to any party that acquires all or substantially all of A Contracorriente's assets. Author shall not have the right to further assign any of the rights conferred pursuant to this Agreement, either in whole or in part, or any of the rights granted to Author herein.
6. This Agreement is intended by the parties hereto as the final expression of their understanding with respect to the subject matter herein, as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms herein, and supersedes any and all prior or contemporaneous negotiations, understandings, and agreements between the parties relating thereto.
7. The Agreement may be modified only by a writing signed by both parties to the Agreement. The laws and courts of the State of North Carolina shall govern and control the resolution of any and all conflicts and disputes that may arise hereunder.