The Black Panamanian-Jamaican Connection: Imperialism, Race and Class in Canal Zone

Authors

  • Jennifer Carolina Gomez Menjivar University of Minnesota Duluth

Keywords:

Latin American Cultural Studies, Panama, Jamaica, Panama Canal, Imperialism, Blackness

Abstract

The novels of the early twentieth century, observes Richard L. Jackson in his Black Literature and Humanism in Latin America, attempted to negotiate the concepts of civilization and humanism in their quest to examine the nature of Latin American identity. Demetrio Aguilera Malta’s Canal Zone (1935) situates the reader in a socio-political context rife with conflicts and contradictions, at the center of which is the debate over the Jamaican labor force hired to work on the Panama Canal. The initial operators of the Canal Zone project were white North American southerners who insisted upon implementing North American Jim Crow segregation measures in the Canal Zone. The white North American labor force was paid on the “gold roll” while West Indians received the “silver roll” rate, distinctions that were later institutionalized in the euphemistically designated “gold” and “silver” towns, schools, toilets, drinking fountains and segregated windows at the post office. Canal Zone suggests that the quest for a Panamanian identity requires revisiting history and upholding the legacy of blackness in the country. I argue that this text is a critical analysis of the debt owed to the West Indian community in Central America and as such, is ahead of its time. Canal Zone is the first to establish a critical assessment of the ongoing black Central American-Caribbean connections scholars are only just beginning to explore today.

Author Biography

Jennifer Carolina Gomez Menjivar, University of Minnesota Duluth

  1. Jennifer Carolina Gómez Menjívar is an Assistant Professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth. Her work focuses on the transnational Central American literatures and cultures, particularly those of the Afro-Central American and Mayan communities in the isthmus. She has just completed her first book manuscript, Black in Print: Fictions, Discourses and the Politics of Seeing Blackness in Central America, which explores the discussions about blackness that have taken place during poignant socio-economic transitions in the region. Her most recent scholarship focuses on ethno-linguistic borders in Central America. She is currently a Faculty Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study at the University of Minnesota, where she is drafting a book manuscript entitled Language Ideologies, Endangerment, and the Future of Maya Mopan in Belize.
Leonardo Padura img

Downloads

Published

2015-10-01

How to Cite

Gomez Menjivar, J. C. (2015). The Black Panamanian-Jamaican Connection: Imperialism, Race and Class in Canal Zone. A Contracorriente: Una Revista De Estudios Latinoamericanos, 13(1), 262–271. Retrieved from https://acontracorriente.chass.ncsu.edu/index.php/acontracorriente/article/view/1389

Issue

Vol. 13 No. 1 (2015): Fall 2015

Section

Notes / Notas

License

1. Author hereby grants, transfers, and assigns to A Contracorriente:

(a) the exclusive first serial rights in the Work for publication and distribution throughout the world, as A Contracorriente sees fit, in all languages and formats, by print or any electronic means, including, without limitation, the internet, other public and/or private proprietary intranets and computer networks and on CD-ROMs, DVDs and other discs, before the Work shall appear in any other publication (whether print or electronic), in any manner, format or language, or in any other medium now known or hereafter devised. The first serial rights granted to A Contracorriente by this Paragraph 1(a) shall be exclusive to A Contracorriente until one year following the date of the first serial publication of the Work by A Contracorriente; in addition, this grant of rights shall include the non-exclusive right in perpetuity to include the Work in any collection, or compilation produced or authorized by A Contracorriente, and containing at least 75% material that has appeared in A Contracorriente, for distribution throughout the world, in all languages and formats, by print or any electronic means, including, without limitation, the internet and other public and proprietary intranets and computer networks and on CDROMs, DVDs and other discs;

(b) further, the non-exclusive right to authorize, reproduce and distribute reprints of the Work throughout the world, in all languages and formats, by print or any electronic means, after the Work appears in a publication produced or authorized by A Contracorriente; the right to permit subscribers and other users of the services and publications in which the Work may appear electronically to download, reproduce, and otherwise utilize the Work for their personal, non-commercial use throughout the universe; and the non-exclusive perpetual right, throughout the world, to use the Work, in whole or in part, and Author’s name, likeness, or biography in promoting, advertising, and/or publicizing any publication in which the Work is authorized to appear consistent with this Agreement.

2. A Contracorriente reserves the right to publish the Work with illustrations and other graphic materials. Nothing contained herein shall obligate A Contracorriente to exploit any of the rights granted to A Contracorriente hereunder. All rights not granted to A Contracorriente are reserved to Author for Author’s own use and/or transfer, assignment, or disposition.

3. Author represents and warrants: the Work is original to Author, has not been copied in whole or in part, and does not infringe upon the copyright or any other rights of any person or entity; Author has the right to grant the rights granted to A Contracorriente under this Agreement free of any and all claims and encumbrances; Author has not granted or transferred any rights in or to the Work to any third party; and Author has not done and will not do anything that has impaired, might impair or will impair in any way any of the rights granted to A Contracorriente hereunder.

4. Author shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the NC State and its employees, agents, affiliates, successors, licensees, and assigns from and against all claims, damages, liabilities, losses, costs, and expenses, including, without limitation, attorney’s fees and costs, arising out of any breach or alleged breach of any of Author’s representations, warranties, or agreements. Any remedies that Author may have against A Contracorriente for breach of this Agreement shall be limited to the right to recover damages, if any, in an action at law. Author hereby waives any right or remedy in equity, including any right to terminate this Agreement, to rescind A Contracorriente’s rights in the Work, or to enjoin, restrain, or otherwise impair in any manner the production or distribution of any publication that is authorized or produced by A Contracorriente.

5. A Contracorriente shall have the right to assign this Agreement, either in whole or in part, to any entity affiliated with A Contracorriente or to any party that acquires all or substantially all of A Contracorriente's assets. Author shall not have the right to further assign any of the rights conferred pursuant to this Agreement, either in whole or in part, or any of the rights granted to Author herein.

6. This Agreement is intended by the parties hereto as the final expression of their understanding with respect to the subject matter herein, as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms herein, and supersedes any and all prior or contemporaneous negotiations, understandings, and agreements between the parties relating thereto.

7. The Agreement may be modified only by a writing signed by both parties to the Agreement. The laws and courts of the State of North Carolina shall govern and control the resolution of any and all conflicts and disputes that may arise hereunder.